Time Management in the Pre-Industrialized World
Until the mid-18th century, most people led simple one-dimensional lives as small-scale farmers, anglers, or artisans, and their work output depended on natural forces such as the sun and the wind. The concept of time management depended on agricultural tempos, tides, weather, and seasons. For instance, daylight hours determined work hours, inclement weather determined holidays, and productivity depended on the vicissitudes of the growing season. The sun and the moon determined timekeeping.
The industrial revolution and subsequent developments enabled humans to harness nature for their ends. Big machines in factories ended the dependence on the weather, and the invention of electricity and deployment of artificial lighting rendered the concept of daylight hours insignificant.
The invention of mechanical clocks made it possible to manage time, but the notion of time was still different from what it is today. The earliest of clocks could keep time to the second, but most early clocks came only with an hour hand and indicated time to the closest quarter hour. People in the early industrial revolution still did not consider accounting for their time to the second to be important or necessary.
Time Management in the 19th Century
The concept of time management started to gain impetus in the 19th century because of many factors:
- The advancements in the Industrial Revolution led to a shift from an agrarian economy to an industrial trade-based economy and raised the need to manage time well. Success in the new world order depended on the timely trading of goods.
- The development of a postal service, the arrival of the telegraph, and the subsequent spread of railroads all required precise time keeping and raised the importance of time-related values of productivity and speed.
- The enlightened views of scholars and scientists such as Isaac Newton began to gain ground. Isaac Newton's ideas about the disciplined working of the universe strongly influenced the thought and science of the age, and people began to discipline their lives likewise.
Credit for establishing the importance of time management goes to Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson installed a clock that had a dial with three hands to indicate hours, minutes, and seconds to schedule indoor household chores. Benjamin Franklin’s famous views on time and management included advice such as “Time is money,” and “Time is the stuff of which life is made."
Inspired by such leaders and enlightened thought, society then began to consider timeliness as a sign of maturity, and the wearing of a watch symbolized a child's entry into the time-conscious world of grownups. By the 1830s schools started to enforce punctuality, organizing school hours and lessons by the clock, punishing lateness, and awarding certificates for punctuality.
The pre-19th century workmen balanced work and home-based duties by doing them intermittently, akin to the approach based on flex-time and telecommuting today. The spread of factories and standardized work hours led to work and home becoming two distinct entities. With lesser time available for home chores, the concept of managing time better received impetus. Catharine Beecher’s “A Treatise on Domestic Economy," published in 1847, deals with household habits designed not to waste time and became a bestseller of the times.
While the 19th-century workmen had rigid schedules, the 19th-century businessmen were flexible in managing their time. Their typical time scheduling involved three hours of business duties, with the rest of the day spent on government, church, and other social obligations.
Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen. Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas. De acuerdo al título y la imagen.
¿Cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
Trata sobre la gestión del tiempo
¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
El texto explica sobre la evolución de la gestión del tiempo, que ha evolucionado a través de los diversos acontecimientos ocurridos a partir de la revolución industrial, con la finalidad de aprovechar al máximo el tiempo, y visualización de la importancia que este factor tiene.
¿Qué palabras se repiten?
Time, people, managenment,
¿Qué palabras se parecen al español?
Invention, revolution, concept, industrial, humans, possible. factors
¿Cuáles son las palabras en negritas, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
Industrial revolution, time management, graphic 1
¿De qué trata el texto?
El texto trata sobre la evolución de la importancia que tiene la gestión del tiempo a lo largo, además de describir los factores a lo largo del siglo 19 que impulsaron la gestión del tiempo como lo fue los avances en la revolución industrial, el desarrollo de un servicio postal.
SCANNING
Seleccione un texto y escribe 4 preguntas puntuales sobre fechas, sitios, etc.
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was a prominent American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.
He was known worldwide especially in the 1920s for a system of Fordism that seemed to promise modernity, high wages and cheap consumer goods, but his antisemitism in the 1920s has been a source of controversy.
Early years
Ford was born July 30, 1863, on a farm in Greenfield Township (near Detroit, Michigan).[1] His father, William Ford (1826–1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland, of a family originally from western England, who were among migrants to Ireland as the English created plantations.[citation needed] His mother, Mary Litogot Ford (1839–1876), was born in Michigan; she was the youngest child of Belgian immigrants; her parents died when Mary was a child and she was adopted by neighbors, the O'Herns. Henry Ford's siblings include Margaret Ford (1867–1938); Jane Ford (c. 1868–1945); William Ford (1871–1917) and Robert Ford (1873–1934).
His father gave him a pocket watch in his early teens. At 15, Ford dismantled and reassembled the timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times, gaining the reputation of a watch repairman.[2] At twenty, Ford walked four miles to their Episcopal church every Sunday.[3]
Ford was devastated when his mother died in 1876. His father expected him to eventually take over the family farm, but he despised farm work. He told his father, "I never had any particular love for the farm—it was the mother on the farm I loved."[4]
In 1879, he left home to work as an apprentice machinist in the city of Detroit, first with James F. Flower & Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm, where he became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine. He was later hired by Westinghouse company to service their steam engines. During this period Ford also studied bookkeeping at Goldsmith, Bryant & Stratton Business College in Detroit.[5]
1. En qué fecha nació Henry Ford?
Nació el 30 de julio de 1863
2. Con quien trabajo por primera vez?
Con James F. Flower& Bros.
3. Como se llamaron sus padres?
William Ford y Maria Litogot Ford
4. Como se llamaban sus hermanos?
Margaret Ford, Jane Ford William Ford y Robert Ford
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